Introduction -- Part I. Caucasians and race in Imperial Japan. 1. Racism, race consciousness, and Imperial Japan. A normative racism -- Aspects of race consciousness in Imperial Japan -- Sources of cognitive dissonance -- 2. Privilege and prejudice : being a westerner in Imperial Japan. Early foreign settlements -- The Yokohama community -- Ornaments in isolation : the Frank and Balk families -- Class insularity at Western resorts -- 3. Handling the other within : approaches to preemptive containment (1939-41). Direct and indirect forms of containment -- Japan's "Jewish problem" and the Kobe community -- A repressed, mobilized Christianity -- Part II. Lives in limbo : wartime containment in the wake of Pearl Harbor. 4. First responses and containment protocols after Pearl Harbor (1941-43). A new taxonomy of foreigners -- Temporary detentions of suspicious enemy nationals -- Enemy diplomatic staff under house arrest -- Racialized others : Jews and Asians -- 5. Watched and unseen : nonenemy nationals after Pearl Harbor (1941-43). Fracture and emotional conflict -- Withdrawal and invisibility -- Japanese ambivalence and antiforeign sentiment -- 6. Fleeing for the hills : evacuee communities in Hakone and Karuizawa (1943-45). "Running smoothly" in Gora -- Karuizawa : a "strange miniature Babel" -- Part III. Lives behind walls : Japan's treatment of enemy civilians. 7. From humiliation to hunger : the internment of enemy nationals (1941-45). Camp administration -- The initial roundup (1941-42) -- Stringency and privation (1942-45) -- 8. Torture and testimony : the incarceration of suspected spies (1944-45). Interrogation -- Trial and imprisonment -- Death and liberation -- 9. Race war? : on Japanese pragmatism and racial ambivalence. The failure of propaganda -- Continuity and change following the surrender -- Epilogue.