Fundamentals of analytical instruments -- Colorimeters and spectrophotometers (visible-ultraviolet) -- Infrared spectrophotometers -- Flame photometers -- Atomic absorption spectrophotometers -- Fluorimeters and phosphorimeters -- Raman spectrometer -- Photoacoustic and photothermal spectrometers -- Mass spectrometer -- Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer -- Electron spin resonance spectrometers -- Electron and ion spectrometers -- Radiochemical instruments -- X-ray spectrometers -- Automated chemical analysis systems -- Gas chromatographs -- Liquid chromatographs -- Thermo-analytical instruments -- Electrophoresis apparatus and densitometers -- Electrochemical instruments -- pH meters and ion analyzers -- Blood gas analyzers -- Industrial gas analyzers -- Environmental pollution monitoring instruments -- Electronic devices and circuits -- Digital circuits -- Computer-based analytical instruments.