Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction : The need to ask questions about innovation -- Distinguishing innovative medical practice from research -- modern history of human research ethics -- Innovation in the off-label use of drugs -- Innovative surgery -- Innovation in assisted reproduction -- Innovation in neuroimaging -- Questions, issues, and recommendations going forward -- Conclusion : Final thoughts on the landscape of innovation -- Appendix A : Directives for Human Experimentation : Nuremberg Code -- Appendix B : World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki -- Appendix C : Description of Department of Health and Human Services Regulations for the Protection of Human Subjects -- Appendix D : Participants in Lasker Forum on Ethical Challenges in Biomedical Research and Practice -- Notes -- References -- Index.