Western views of Islam in the premodern period : a brief history of past approaches / Popular attitudes toward Islam in medieval Europe / Image of the Saracen as heretic in the sermons of Ademar of Chabannes / Muslims as pagan idolaters in chronicles of the first crusade / Essential enemy : the image of the Muslim as adversary and vassal in the law and literature of the medieval crown of Aragon / Arabs and Latins in the Middle Ages : enemies, partners, and scholars / Islam in the Glossa ordinaria / "Seven trewe bataylis for Jesus sake" : the long-suffering Saracen Palomides / Noble Saracen or Muslim enemy? : the changing image of the Saracen in late medieval Italian literature / "New barbarian" or worthy adversary? : humanist constructs of the Ottoman Turks in fifteenth-century Italy / Early modern Orientalism : representations of Islam in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Europe