V.1. PART I: THE EARLY PAPACY: Introduction / Gerard H. Ettinger -- Peter (d.c. 64 A.D.) / Jean-Pierre Ruiz -- Clement I (c. 91-c. 101) / Margaret A. Schatkin -- Callistus I (217-22) / Michael Slusser -- Damasus I (366-84) / Louis J. Swift -- Celestine I (422-32) -- Leo I (440-61) / Philip A. McShane -- Pelagius I (556-61) / Robert B. Eno -- PART II: THE MEDIEVAL PAPACY: Introduction / Glenn W. Olson -- Gregory I, "the Great" (590-604) -- Gregory VII (1073-85) / Uta-Renate Blumenthal -- Urban II (1088-90) / Robert Somerville -- Alexander III (1159-81) / Kenneth Pennington -- Innocent III (1198-1216) / James M. Powell -- Gregory IX (1227-41) / Robert C. Figueira -- Innocent IV (1243-54) / Thomas F. Madden -- Boniface VIII (1294-1303): able administrator, imprudent politician / Richard Kay -- PART III: THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION PAPACY: Introduction / Margery A. Ganz -- John XXII (1316-34) / Carol Lansing -- Gregory XI (1370-78) / Laura De Angelis -- Martin V (1417-31) / Alison Williams Levin -- Eugenius IV (1431-47) / Jacqueline A. Gutwirth -- Nicholas V (1447-55) / James R. Banker -- Pius II (1458-64) / Edward D. English -- Sixtus IV (1471-84) : the first modern Pope-monarch / Lorenz Boninger -- Jullius II (1503-13) / Nelson H. Minnich -- Leo X (1513-21) / Carol Bresnahan Menning -- Clement VII (1523-34) / Kenneth Gouwens -- Paul III / William V. Hudon -- V.2. PART IV: THE EARLY MODERN PAPACY: Introduction / Willliam V. Hudon -- Pius V (1566-72) / Sergio Pagano -- Gregory XIII (1572-85) : father of the nations / Frederick J. McGinness -- Sixtus V (1585-90): the plebian papal prince / Carla Penuti -- Clement VIII (1592-1605) / Kathleen M. Comerford -- Paul V (1605-21) / William V. Hadon -- Urban VIII (1623-44) : the Barberini Era / Richard J. Blackwell -- Innocent XI (1676-89); defender of Christendom / Francesco C. Cesareo -- Innocent XII (1691-1700) / Brendan Dooley -- Benedict XIV (1740-58): "Third-Party" Pope / John B. Guarino -- Clement XIII (1758-69) / Hanns Gross -- PART V: THE MODERN PAPACY: Introduction / Frank J. Coppa -- Pius VII (1800-1823) / Alan J. Reinerman -- Pius IX (1846-78): the last "Pope-King" / Frank J. Coppa -- Leo XIII (1878-1903): the working man's pope / Emiliana P. Noether -- Pius X (1903-1914) : the pope of the Curia / William Roberts -- Benedict XV (1914-22): pope of peace -- Pius XI (1922-1939) : the kingship of Christ in the Twentieth Century / Peter C. Kent -- Pius XII (1939-58) : controversial "Pope of Peace" / Charles F. Delzell -- John XXIII (1958-63) : the father of the Second Vatican Council / Patrick Granfield -- Paul VI (1963-78) : Catholicism's bridge to the modern world / Richard J. Wolff -- John Paul II (1978- ) / Roy P. Domenico.