Nineteenth-century American medicine as a pluralistic system -- The rise of the American dominative medical system under corporate capitalism -- Osteopathic medicine as a parallel medical system -- Chiropractic as the foremost professionalized heterodox medical system -- Naturopathy and acupuncture as secondary professionalized heterdox medical systems -- Partially professionalized and lay heterodox medical systems within the context of the holistic health movement -- Anglo-American religious and metaphysical healing systems -- Folk medical systems in a culturally diverse society -- Conclusion.