Continuity and change in Colombia's economic geography: an overview -- Pre-Columbian cultures -- European conquest -- Colonial economy and society, 1540-1780 -- Crises of authority, 1700-1808 -- Independence, 1808-1825 -- Bolívar's Colombia, 1819-1831 -- The formation of new Granada as a polity, 1831-1845: origins of the two traditional parties -- Economy and society, 1821-1850 -- The liberal era, 1845-1876 -- Neither liberty nor order, 1875-1903 -- The republic of coffee, 1903-1946 -- A nation of cities -- Political violence in the second half of the twentieth century.