Introduction: Women in science: Why so few? -- The science career pipeline -- Women and science: Athena bound -- Gender, sex, and science -- Selective access -- Critical transitions in the graduate and post-graduate career path -- Women's (and men's) graduate experience in science -- The paradox of critical mass for women in science -- The "kula ring" of scientific success -- Women's faculty experience -- Dual male and female worlds of science -- Differences between women in science -- Social capital and faculty network relationships -- Negative and positive departmental cultures -- Initiatives for departmental change -- International comparisons -- Athena unbound: policy for women in science.