Introduction: transfers of learning, questions of influence -- The heavens through time and space: a history of translating astronomy in the West -- The era of Roman translation: from Greek science to medieval manuscript -- Astronomy in the East: the Syriac and Persian-Indian conversions -- The formation of Arabic science, eighth through tenth centuries: translation and the creation of intellectual traditions -- Era of transfer into Latin: transformations of the medieval cosmos -- Science in the non-western world: levels of adaptation -- Record of recent matters: translations and the origins of modern Japanese science -- Japanese science in the making: of texts and translators -- The contemporary context: realities of change and difference -- Issues and examples for the study of scientific translation today -- Conclusions: gained in translation.