The origins of the Protestant Reformation -- Church and society -- Religion and social conditions -- Problems in the Catholic Church -- Martin Luther -- The spread of Protestantism -- The role of the printing press -- Zwingli, Calvin and the rise of Calvinism -- The Reformation in England and Scotland -- The Anabaptists -- The cultural and social context of the Reformation -- Humanism -- The rise of the national states -- Economic conditions -- The Catholic Reformation and Counter-Reformation -- Ignatius of Loyola and the Council of Trent -- The Jesuits, the Inquisition, and Catholic mysticism -- The legacy of the Reformation -- Individualism, tolerance, and popular education -- The political and cultural consequences of the Reformation.